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Effectiveness of Parenting Treatment Programs for Mothers in Prison Candidate’s Name Institution’s Name Effectiveness of Parenting Treatment Programs for Mothers in Prison The US has witnessed a significant transformation in the engagement of parents in the criminal justice system as incarcerated offenders. Women are particularly vulnerable, because of the more intensive law enforcement measures, arrests and prosecutions, and stringent drug-related punishment legislation that has had exceptionally adverse effects on them (Blumberg & Griffin, 2013). The number of women is currently almost eight times more than it was four decades ago, from 26,378 in 1980 to 215, 332 in 2014, with 102,400 in local jails and 111,300 in state and federal prisons (Glaze & Kaeble, 2014). The number of people incarcerated decreased by 2.5% (5,300 inmates) between 2013 and 2014, and the number of individuals held in both state and federal correctional facilities sentenced to more than a year dropped by 11,800 detainees in the same period. Despite this, the numbers of convicted women to more than one year rose by 2% to 106,200 in 2014 (Carson, 2015). A majority of these incarcerated women have minor children, and because of their vulnerability, the implementation of parenting programs becomes a necessity. Incarcerated parents often express mixed emotions when they get separated from their children, not spending time with them as they grow up, and these worries include the time lost in not helping the kids through difficult times, teaching them, and missing their precious moments (Sandifer, 2008). It has been established that the incarcerated mothers’ children possess
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