Ecuadorian Art and Culture: Contribution to American Literature
Introduction
Before defining when Ecuadorian art appeared, I want to emphasize the emergence of art. I consider that this appears through the need that man had to express everything he felt, thought and happened to his surroundings. Finding an exact date of the origin of Ecuadorian art is very difficult;since, it emerged in very remote times. However, there are great vestiges that have been found in the country.
These vestiges are today part of our great cultural identity, which have been inherited by the diverse cultures that have emerged over time in Ecuador. The first culture that appeared in America was Caral Supe, currently located in Peru, so I take into consideration of this culture as the great influential in the emergence of other cultures in other Latin American countries, especially in Ecuador.
Developing
All cultures that appeared in Ecuador were given through each period of history. Uknown points out that in the pre -ceramic period (1300 A.C-3500 a.C) The first cultures appeared, which were Las Vegas, Chobshi, the Putin and the Inga. All these cultures used basalt and obsidian to make arrow points. In addition, they used other elements such as bones, shells, mullu for the elaboration of necklaces and other utensils. Then the training period appears (3500 to.C-500 a.C).
In this phase the Valdivia, Machalilla, Chorrera, Cañar, Cerro Nario, Alausí and Catamayo cultures emerged. In this period the ceramics appeared and works with this material began to be done. On the other hand, Barroso mentions that the techniques that were used in this period in artistic works were the cordon, incisions, bumps, corrugated, decoration, marked with ropes and tissues. All these techniques and works were discovered in the findings made by some researchers in Real Alto, this place is considered the most representative site for the study of Valdivian society.
Then the regional development period appeared (500 to.C- 500 d.C). In this period, the Bay, Tolita, Guangala, Jama Coaque, Tuncahuan, Panzaleo and Upano cultures emerged, all these cultures worked with metals such as gold, silver and bronze, even pottery and textiles reached a fantastic style. In addition, it was characterized by good paint handling, burnished, gray pasta, abstract designs, giant composers and double computers.
In the 500 D years.C until 1500 D.C The integration period appeared, where new cultures such as the miracle-who, Manteña, Puruhua, Caranqui, Cañari, Tacaishapa, and Negative of Carchi, emerged. At this stage, crafts reached a great development, since it benefited from technical improvements, which were applied to textile production, with the use of cotton, lapidary and metallurgy.
Morejon, the Inca Empire emerged, it expanded through the Andes under Tupac’s leadership. In addition, this author establishes that before the arrival of the Spaniards Ecuadorian art had an ostentatious architecture, whose most representative vestige can be found in the ruins of the Inca Palace of Ingapirca. The Inca Empire was characterized by having an excellent architecture, its constructions were symmetrical and simple.
In this period appears the first indications of literature, through Quipu, which was an information storage tool through wool or cotton ropes, provided with knots. In 1532, with the arrival of the Spaniards art, literature and Ecuadorian culture suffered a great change.
Since the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century the deacralization of art began. At this stage the Ecuadorian artist has a great reunion with elements of nature. On the other hand, literature had a great boom, an example is the novel Huasipungo de Icaza and Cumandá by Juan León Mera. Other characters that highlighted were Dolores Twenty -Sile, Zamdulbide and Numa Pompillo, among others. For the twentieth century, modernism came to Ecuador through the beheaded generation. This generation was made up of Silva, Noboa, Borja and Humberto Fierro. In the field of painting, several painters highlighted, including Kigman, Gilbert, Guayasami, among others. This last painter was characterized by making paintings with great expressive force.
conclusion.
At present, the indigenous groups of Ecuador still retain their own identity, among these groups are the Quichuas, Caranquis, Otavaleños, Pichinchas, Panzaleos, Salasacas, Puruhaes, Cañaris, Saraguros, Huaoranis, Cofanes, Secayas, Shuares, Achuares, Mestizos and AfroEcuadorian, among others. On the other hand, current Ecuadorian art consists of music, literature and paintings. Ecuador’s literature is characterized by its costumbrismo and reflects the daily life of Ecuadorian citizens. Gabriela Alemán and Ubidia are the best known writers in the current era, as soon as the painting is characterized by the Baroque style from the colonial stage.
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