Computer development as simplification of all calculations
History and evolution
HISTORY
The beginning of computing is mainly due to the need of man to tell everything that surrounded him in his environment. The word computing originates from Latin "Computatio, Computationis", that comes from the computers verb, whose meaning is to list amounts and prepare calculations. Since the first device used by the man to count was the abacus, it has been called the first known computer, which was an instrument that was formed by small circles which were crossed by very fine wires that are fixed in awood frame and whose appearance dates back to about 4.000 years.
In 1617 the Scotto John Napier invents the Napier bone call from the multiplication table, this consists of a fixed and mobile rule that shows the product of the number of the Napier table that was selected until reaching the calculation rulewhich works at the beginning but is very useful to carry out operations multiplication, division, and square root among others.
The mid -seventeenth century has begun a new stage of the mechanical calculator, thanks to Blaise Pascal who in 1642 design a machine that would help his father’s work in a hacienda as accountant as an accountant. This mechanical adding was formed by wheels coupled with each other, which from right to left corresponded to units, tens, hundreds, etc.
Leibniz, following the Pascal model, creates a tool that could add, subtract, multiply and divide. Then, in the nineteenth century Charles Babbage that was stubborn in the construction of instruments that allow calculating, was guided by the idea of a worker named Jacquard who scheduled machines using drilling cards to automatically handle the design and color of the tissues and babbageThis model for the creation of its artifact, the differential machine, which was later developed as the analytical machine, which would have a greater calculation skill and would be easier to design and would be easier to design and would be easier to design and would be easier. Babbage described this instrument as "the machine that bites the tail".
With the appearance of electricity, electromechanical computers begin to emerge, which served as mechanical switches that were handled electrically. The first to be created was the Mark I, whose information was introduced by perforated paper tapes. While these types of computers were in operation, other types of computers called digital computers were already being created, to which a precursor is not yet attributed, however and.AND.OR.Or name John Atanasoff as "the inventor of the digital computer"
This English physicist innovate the existing machines until that time with a revolutionary idea through the use of various services that would allow the beginning of the modern era of computing.
At that time some types of switches were used that opened hundreds of times per minute and were replaced by bulbs that performed this task with greater agility.
The decimal system was replaced by the binary system, the electromechanical relays could be found in two states, set or off that were represented by zeros and some and by using the binary system towards which to perform the operations is much easier.
The construction of “memories”, capacitors or capacitors responsible for storing the proposed information towards the computer corresponding to a binary code carried out, due to a small damage of its innovative idea, projected a procedure called “memory refreshment”
The history of the computing has fractioned into various generations depending on the progress or development of some transcendental innovation. Among which are:
First generation: bulbs
They are those computers that are constituted with bulbs this was in 1951. They are named as a line of computers, they were very huge and expensive computers, this consumed a large amount of electric powers.
Second Generation: The Transistor
This began at the end of the fifty year, since this was what I replace the radio bulb, this were used to expand or control electrical signals.
Third Generation: Computer families and integrated circuits
This is distinguished by its appearance and importance, it is formed by integrated circuit and also form specific family or coincidences
Fourth Generation: The microprocessor
They are characterized like this because it only consists of an integrated environment, which is understood by majority of processes (CPU)
Fifth generation: parallel processing, neuronal networks and optical computing
Here surprising changes were included since it consists of fundamental changes to carry out the processing, the other change consists of its method and management of the new technologies.
EVOLUTION
The computer had its origin with the first device used by the man to make accounts which was the abacus, whose origin was about 4000 years ago.
For the year of 1614, the Scottish mathematician John Napier managed to define the logarithms, which helped the simplification of all calculations and through the bones of Napier, which was an abacus created by it, divisions, multiplications, divisions and roots were madesquare, and after development the calculation rule was obtained
In 1642, Pascalina was invented by Blaise Pascal, it was a calculating machine that was made up of a series of wheels coupled with each other, in which in each one the numbers from 1 to 10 were represented.
In 1670, Gottfried Leibniz developed a machine similar to that of Pascal but more complex, in which the four basic operations could be carried out: add, subtract, multiply and divide.
The so -called differential machine was created by English Charles Babbage in 1834, who was guided by the idea of a fabric manufacturer, Jacquard, thus creating the machine that processes calculations almost immediately by delivering them printed, later developing the analytical machine.
In 1960, Alan Turing, known as the father of modern computer science, with the purpose of breaking with the enigma code developed by the Germans during World War.
In 1944, at Harvard University, the Mark I was designed by Howard Aiken that used electromagnetic signals to move parts of the device, weighed more than 5 tons and composed of more than 800 km cable .It was one of the first machines to have similar characteristics to a computer and had the ability to perform 5 arithmetic operations.
The Z3 designed by Konrad Zuse was the first programmable and automatic machine completely built in 1941, however it was destroyed two years later during a bombing in Berlin.
John von Neumann together with 6 women designed the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Automatic Computer) in 1951, a binary electronic computer that resolved the sum, subtraction and multiplication automatically, compared to the ENIAC, which had previously created which was decimal.
Computer generations
First generation (1951-1958)
These machines consisted with the following characteristics:
- They were formed by vacuum tubes.
- Programmed in machine language.
These artifacts were of high economic value, through perforated cards data and programs were entered in a special language. Eckert and Mauchly collaborated to the operation of the computers of this generation, building the Univac i. The elaboration of electronic computers continued and its first model was the IBM 701 in 1953.
Second Generation (1959-1964)
They had the following characteristics:
- Formed by transistor circuits.
- They are programmed in high -level languages.
Computers are faster, smaller, they were used by the United States Navy to create the first flight simulator. Among the computers are: Burroughs, Univac, CDC, among others.
Third Generation (1964-1971)
They appeared with the invention of integrated circuits that were pills of a chemical material, the silicon, in which thousands of electronic components are located, in a miniature card. Computers could be used in scientific or business applications but not both, but integrated circuits allowed to modify this task.
Fourth Generation (1971 to the present)
Microprocessors and the growth of integrated circuits that had a high speed begin to emerge. It was called as the "computer revolution" since the first personal computers that were smaller and cheaps began to be visualized.It contributed to a more dynamic interaction with the user, through the development of software and applications such as spreadsheets, word processors, etc.
However, there are authors who point out that we are in the fifth generation characterized by:
- Natural language management and artificial intelligence systems.
- Parallel processing development through special designs and circuits.
CONCLUSION
So, in general, we could say that a computer is a device composed of physical elements, mostly of electronic origin, capable of performing a wide variety of work at high speed and very precisely, provided that they are instructedappropriate to process the corresponding information.
The computer is one of the large part of the technology that went from the analog world to digital and has been renewed with a big difference, which every time data information is required is made new innovations of the computer information and they areso useful in our day by day that we can find them all around us.
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