Artistic movements and currents
Introduction
We live in an era that depends on the others. Everything around us is post. First came minimalism, modernism, impressionism, and positivism. Then came postmodernism, post-positivism, post-impressionism, and post-positivism. To reasy this essay, I will try to break down and analyze how it arises, how it affected at the time, and how post-modernism in our current thinking transcends. Positivism is defined by the Royal Spanish Academy as a “philosophical system that supports only the experimental method and rejects all a priori notion and every universal and absolute concept."
Positivism is much more complex than just that. This philosophical current says that all information received through the senses must be scientifically verified through logic and reason. John Locke’s empiricism is a vital part of this philosophical theory. Another vital part of positivism is the affirmation that society, as well as everything physical, is governed by strict rules. Positivism is a philosophical movement and a trend of thought that arises as sophisticated current from the nineteenth century with the philosopher Auguste Comte. This theory of rules in society as in the natural world is conceived by Comte, in its secular religion religion of humanity.
Developing
This idea and this concept of applying natural laws and scientific method to all aspects of our lives dates back to much earlier. In "The richness of nations", Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, explores the economic world governed by natural laws. The market works for the same natural selfishness of people, not by a government or a system of norms that make it work. The market works for the interest of its members. This leads to Smith to the conclusion that there is a kind of order in the chaos of human relationships. Specifically, he talks about economic relations between us.
But Scottish’s work gets countless areas of study. Rejecting the traditional and old Christian and political ideas that had dominated the fifteenth, seventeenth and seventeenth centuries, Smith and the new theoretical current begins to argue that the natural state of human relations is not a state of chaos, insecurity, and loneliness. On the contrary, this new philosophical current alleges that individual capacities and cooperation between people to reach their own interests make society prosper. Throughout a century, these two opposite currents were dividing political thoughts worldwide.
Those who saw positivism as the most viable option were also against concepts such as monarchy, autocracy, and were dissatisfied with the status quo. On the other hand, those who defended the status quo and opposed this scientific interpretation of nature, were those who benefited from the scheme of the moment. Things reached their boiling point with the two great revolutions of the 18th century. These were the French and American Revolution, respectively. These revolutions marked a change. Positivism and its other contemporary philosophical theories.
They were violently taken from the quoted meetings in taverns between philosophers and thinkers, and tested in the streets, where the goods were unjustly obtained by the bourgeoisie, where he fought against the British imperial oppressors. This positivism characterized liberalism that began to gain credibility around the world. After the Napoleonic wars and with the Vienna Congress, Europe was characterized by its desperate attempts to recover the monarchies and the old political regime before a world that was decided in its attempts to leave that behind.
Eventually, Europe realized that it was impossible to stop the liberal revolutions, and it had to be adapted to the times. Eventually, the idea of progress spread in the collective mind of every West. However, nowhere in the United States. The concept of progress was based on technological advances, replacing, improving, all aspect of our lives. Naturally using the scientific method as a basis. The influence of positivism, empiricism, and of all the ideals of the Enlightenment, are still embodied years after its origins.
It is the beginning of another of the great revolutions of the history of humanity: the industrial revolution. The railroad, steamboats, the invention of the modern factory, the production of textiles, and hundreds of other inventions caused a radical change in the world. The global gross product rose drastically as never before, and all the countries that wanted to grow their economies were seeking industrialized. That is, the countries that were not being colonized or tried to get rid of their oppressors. Despite this apparent economic boom that seems to be enjoying industrialized countries, the average person’s living conditions are completely unacceptable.
The first to criticize this new status quo was Karl Marx, a philosopher, historian, and German economist who makes his mission to unmask this revolution for what he really is. A farce. As he explains in his works “Capital. Criticism of the political economy ”and“ Manifesto of the Communist Party ”Marx saw this process of extreme industrialization and modernist ideals as an excuse to justify the growing inequality between those who work and impoverish, and the rich, who benefit almost only from theFruits of the working class. As Engels said in his famous prologue to the even more famous communist manifesto.
“The whole history of mankind has been a history of class struggle, of struggle between exploiters and exploited, between ruling classes and oppressed classes;which has reached in the present a degree of development in which the class exploited and oppressed by the proletariat, can no longer emancipate from the yoke of the exploiting and dominant class, the bourgeoisie, without emancipating at the same time, and forever, to the entireSociety of any exploitation, oppression, division into classes and class struggle ”(Engels). These criticisms, then, show that even during this time of "progress" and "progress", it was clear that not everything was like it seemed.
conclusion
If it looked more closely, this time of progress was stained by terrible working conditions, an absurd lack of rights to the worker, an inequality of excessive wealth, and a growing gap between the rich and poor. This is where a movement begins to emerge against everything that had come before. Thought begins to change when people realize that modernism is nothing more than a smoke curtain. Postmodernism arises as more than just a response to modernism. It arises as an alternative, a rejection of the ideals that, according to their thinkers, led to a considerable decline in society.
It is generally believed that it arises after world wars, when society was disappointed from itself and the decisions that led us there, postmodernist thinkers begin to criticize the reasoning of the Enlightenment. Using irony, criticism, and skepticism, postmodernism seeks to discredit everything that has come before. It is the first of the reflectivist theories, and as such, it is inspired by critical theory. This same is inspired by Marxism, and therefore it is that this author decides to see the theories not as direct results of a single thing, but as a consequence of a set of different elements, in different periods of time.
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