Ancient Greece and Great characters
Summary
The movement is, without a doubt, the first aspect of the physical world studied by man. Being in ancient Greece, where the great Greek thinkers begin to detach from the myth and to study the natural phenomena where each philosopher will announce their theories, which will be tested by the following generations.
Goal
- Make known about the study of movement, in ancient Greece.
- Define the successes and mistakes of the philosophers of the time.
Introduction
In ancient times, the systematic study of fundamental natural laws was not a great concern. Science, as existed at that time, consisted mainly of agriculture and, over time, in engineering to improve the daily life of growing societies. The observations of the movement of the planets and the stars date back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia (ca. 3000 a.C.), being eminently practical, with the objective of preparing calendars.
However, as Greek civilization emerged, there was final. The movement is, without a doubt, the first aspect of the physical world studied by man. Being in ancient Greece, cradle where the great Greek thinkers begin to detach from the myth and to study the natural phenomena where each philosopher will announce their theories, which will be tested by the following generations.
In mechanics, the movement today is known as a change in the position of a body over time through a reference system. The study of movement can be carried out through kinematics or through dynamics. The concept of movement was previously approached by different cultures, but it was the Greek philosophers who approached him with depth and persistence. Because throughout the history of Greece many great philosophers have emerged, making important contributions. One of these first philosophers was such from Miletus, who rejected mythological explanations for the phenomena of nature. For example, he postulated that the flat earth lay in the ocean and that the earthquakes were due to disturbances in the waters. He also said: “In the universe everything is movement. Water is active, flows, rises and falls."
Heraclitus of Ephesus, who with this example "nobody bathes in the river twice because everything changes in the river and in which it bathes". Implies that everything is in perpetual change and transformation, being the movement underlying and, therefore, the universal law. Parmenides of Elea declared that “being, is;And the non-being, it is not, ”which means that the“ no-being ”does not exist and nothing can arise from it;Therefore the change, which is the passage of being to non-being or conversely, is impossible. Its conclusion is that universal law is the permanence of being, and that movement and change in nature are only appearances of the senses.
Aristotle made several wrong observations about the universe, instituted a geocentric system, in which the earth was motionless in the center while the sun turned around with other planets. This Earth’s theory as the center of the universe lasted for several centuries until Copernicus in the 16th century changed the concept and introduced a series of paradigms, conceiving the sun as the center of the universe.
Copernicus stated that, instead of being the spheres that revolved around the Earth, it could happen that the Earth revolved around its axis once a day. But the true contribution of Copernicus was to propose that the earth was not the center of the world, but that the earth and all the other planets moved describing circles around the sun. This new model allowed to easily explain the apparent movement of progress and setback describing the planets in the sky. It was enough to assume that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun. This is known as heliocentric theory.
Something not well known about Galileo is that he was a Catholic. Because Aristotle together with Tolomeno and the Catholic Church firmly held that the Earth was the center of the universe. In spite of this, he defended the Heliocentric Copernican theory and disobeyed some orders that the Catholic Church tried to impose. This is perhaps for this. Due to all this and its great developing role in the scientific revolution and the scientific method, it is considered the father of modern science.
Literary review
Tales of Miletus
He was born in 624 to.C. In Mileto Greek City in Ionia (today Turkey), first year of the XXXV Olimpiad. Son of Examyas and Cleobulina, most of the biographers present it as a member of a distinguished family that could have Phoenician origins. (Mileto, current Turkey, 624 A.C. – 548 a.C.) Greek philosopher and mathematician. Initiator of the School of Miletus, the first of the philosophical schools of ancient Greece, is considered the first philosopher for his aspiration to establish a rational explanation of the phenomena of nature, transcending the traditional mythological approach that had characterized the archaic Greek culture. Such was the first to sustained the existence of an Arjé, that is, from a constitutive and original principle common to all things, which he identified with water;He inaugurated with it a recurring theme in presocratic philosophy and vast implications in the western philosophical tradition.
Socrates
Socrates was a classic Greek philosopher considered one of the greatest, both of Western and Universal philosophy. It was Plato’s teacher, who had Aristotle as a disciple, these three being the fundamental representatives of the philosophy of ancient Greece.
Socrates (in ancient Greek, σωκράτης, sōkrátēs; alopece, Athens, ancient Greece, 470 a. C. – Ib., 399 a. C.) 1234 was a classic Greek philosopher considered one of the greatest, both of Western and Universal philosophy. It was Plato’s teacher, who had Aristotle as a disciple, these three being the fundamental representatives of the philosophy of ancient Greece.
Socrates was the main figure of the transformation of Greek philosophy into a continuous and unified project. Then, we know that much of his life spent generating discussions with everyone in Athens, trying to determine if someone had an idea of what he was talking about, especially when the subject was important, such as justice, beauty or truth. He left no writing, but inspired many disciples. In his old age, he became the focus of the hostility of many of the city who saw the sophists and philosophy, interchangeably, such as the destroyers of the piety and morals of the city;And he was executed in 399 to. C. Details of. Socrates ‘life are known thanks to three contemporary sources: Plato’s dialogues, Aristophanes’ works and Jenophon’s dialogues. There is no evidence that Socrates has published any writing of its authorship.
Plato
Plato was born around 427 to. C. In Athens in an Athenian aristocratic family. He was the son of Aristón, who said descendant of Codro, the last of the kings of Athens. It was a follower of Socrates, for Aristotle the movement arose from the duality matter and form. Matter is power and the form of the act, in other words, the movement occurs when the universal informs the subject. The same said Plato, it is a kind of automatic mechanism, a very simple example is the seed of a potential tree and the transformation is movement, unlike what Aristotle did about developing evolution that if a man is old isWise, but they become old but not wise wisdom in an accident of man. It is not a consequence of the movement, as it is in Platonic theory.
Aristotle
Aristotle was a philosopher, polymata and scientist born in the city of Estagira, north of Ancient Greece. He is considered with Plato, the father of Western philosophy. His ideas have exerted an enormous influence on the intellectual history of the West by more than two millennia.For Aristotle the natural state of a body was rest. Apart from the celestial world where the unique natural movement would be the uniform circular, in the lower world (sublunar), we must distinguish between the vertical rectilinear movement and the others.
The vertical movement is a natural movement that is determined by the tendency of the present element to return to its natural place when it is outside it. Thus, when a glass of water is heated, the steam rises by the presence of the fire element that tends to reach the fire sphere. When cooling, steam leaves fire, and water, which is now the predominant element, tends to occupy its natural place below. As a consequence, in the movement of free fall of the bodies, the speed must be proportional to the amount of its constituent element, thus, the heaviest bodies would fall faster than the lightest.This thought was not the result of poorly made experiences or measures errors, since the ancient Greeks did not experience, they only speculated, but it was a characteristic consequence of a global thinking scheme.
All other movements, non -vertical and vertical. That is, the natural inertia of the bodies is to remain at rest, every movement implies an engine, and since inertia does not extend to Aristotle to the movement, the motor action must be extended as much as the movement itself: cessant cause, cessant effortus.
Another of Aristotle’s contributions was his explanation of the projectile movement. For Aristotle, the cause of the movement of a separate body of its engine is that it produces a void in its displacement that is occupied by the surrounding air, which would cause the continuation of the movement
On the other hand, in the movement two aspects must be considered: the motor action and the resistance of the medium through which it moves. This slows the impulse of the mobile and if it comes to compensate for the driving force, it makes the body return to its rest state. For Aristotle, the speed of a body is inversely proportional to the resistance offered by the medium in which it moves. Thus, in a vacuum, where the resistance is zero, the speed would be infinite, which leads to conclude that the void does not exist (horror vacui).
Archimedes of Syracuse
He was a mathematician, physical, inventor, engineer and Greek astronomer from the ancient city of Syracuse, on the island of Sicily. Its most prominent contributions are the Archimedes principle, the development of the exharity method, the mechanical method or the creation of the first planetarium. It is currently considered one of the three most important figures of the mathematics of antiquity with Euclid and Apollonius, since their contributions meant important scientific advances for the time in the areas of calculation, physical, geometry and astronomy. In turn, this makes it one of the most prominent scientists in the history of humanity.
The Archimedes principle indicates that "every submerged body inside a fluid experiences an ascending force called thrust, equivalent to the weight of the fluid evicted by the body".We apply this principle when we swim, when we throw an object into the water;The object sinks if its weight is greater than the weight of the evicted fluid (displaced). The object floats when its weight is less than or equal to the weight of the fluidodesplazado.
conclusion
Science, as existed at that time, consisted mainly of agriculture and, over time, the great Greek philosophers studied these phenomena to find the reason for things, thus dareing time, having errors and successes about their theories or forms or formsto explain why.
References
- Rutherforth, «Wikipedia, Aristotels,» 25 6 2011. [Online]. Available: https: // is.Wikipedia.org/w/index.PHP?Title = Aristotels & Oldid = 115536937.
- EITHER. d. caun, «all matter. Greece philosophers, »4 8 2014. [Online]. Available: https: // www-todamateria-com.CDN.ampproject.org/v/s/www.Todamateria.com/socrates/AMP/?AMP_JS_V = A2 & _GSA = 1 & USQP = mq331AQEKAFWAQ%3D%3D#AOH = 15665612859643 & REFERRER = https%3a%2f%2fwwww.Google.com & _tf =%20%251%24s & share = https%3a%2f%2fwww.Todamateria.com%2.
- Buscabiografias.com, «Biography such from Miletus,» 2009. [Online]. Available: https: // www.Buscabiografias.com ›Biography› Verdelle ›Tales of Miletus.
- Lieder, «Lifeder.Philosophy, »2008. [Online]. Available: https: // www.Lifer.com ›Philosophy.
- c. Ecured, "Platon," March 15, 2015. [Online]. Available: https: // www.Ecured.Cu/Plato.
- EITHER. Manuel, Lessons of Physics, Mexico: Cecsa, (1989-2006.
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